Mensbeeld – goed of slecht mensbeeld

Man Holding Door For Woman Clearly Sexist Pig

Een galante ridder of een seksist

Als ik als man in Nederland de deur voor een vrouw openhoud zijn er gemengde gevoelens. Als ik als man dezelfde deur openhoud voor een vrouw in Italië ben ik een galante ridder. Tegelijkertijd, als ik de deur open houd in New York voor een vrouw dan is de reactie minder positief: wat wilt deze man van mij? Of nog erger: “ik ben een zelfstandige vrouw, deze man is seksistisch!” Hetzelfde geldt voor afrekenen na een diner, bloemen geven aan je vrouw (wat heeft hij goed te maken?!).

Gevolgen van de crises

Het laatste decennium is het mensbeeld van velen geschokt door de onbestendigheid tegen de verleidingen van hebzucht bij werkenden in het financiële, politieke en maatschappelijke domein. Ongecontroleerd of oncontroleerbaar gedrag op de markten, zuiver om de persoonlijke winst, heeft veel schade aangericht. Vertrouwen is verdampt, en het is nu duidelijk dat het „vertrouwen komt te voet en gaat te paard‟. De roep om internationale instituten ter controle in de globaliserende wereld is overal hoorbaar. Zelfs het ondertekenen van integriteitverklaringen door de betrokkenen wordt als oplossing gebracht! Maar wie controleert de controleurs?

Goed en slecht mensbeeld

Waar het uiteindelijk op neer komt is de vraag of de mens diep van binnen eigenlijk uit goedheid of juist uit slechtheid handelt. Hier volgt een lijst van denkers (filosofen) die deze vraag op verschillende wijzen belichten. Hoe zit het trouwens met uw mensbeeld? Wat denkt u van ‘de mens’. Is ie van nature tot het goede geneigd? Of is de mens voor de mens een wolf? Engeltje of uitvreter?

Slecht mensbeeld: Door verschillende denkers is het mensbeeld negatief ingekleurd: de mens is niets anders dan een homo egocentricus:

Volgens de grote Chinese denker Xunzi (298-238 v.Chr.) komt de mens vanuit zichzelf nooit tot het goede. Hij heeft leraren, voorbeelden en sociale regels nodig die hem ervan doordringen dat de maatschappij uit elkaar valt als hij zijn plicht niet doet.

De 17e eeuwse politiek filosoof Hobbes stelt namelijk dat ‘de mens voor andere mensen een wolf is. In de ‘Natuurtoestand’ is de mens totaal vrij, maar ook heel kwetsbaar voor andere mensen. In deze hypothetische periode verkeren we in een ‘oorlog van allen tegen allen’, aldus Hobbes. Om ‘een oorlog van allen tegen allen’ te voorkomen moet de staat/vorst volgens Hobbes door middel van het strafrecht meedogenloos optreden.

Krznaric 2014, p. 38 stelt dat wanneer ervan uit wordt gegaan dat de mens van nature een egocentrisch en boosaardig wezen is, dan dient zijn gedrag van buitenaf te worden gestuurd doormiddel van beloning en straf, waarbij strafrecht vanzelfsprekend uitsluitend focust op straf. Zonder deze ‘beteugelende mechanismen’zou de mens ‘een woest beest’ zijn ()

Smith: (de mensstreeft zijn eigenbelang na),
Nietzsche: (de mens is wil tot macht),
Darwin: (‘survival of the fittest’),
Freud: (de mens neigt naar agressie),
Bentham: de mens als homo calculus kan doormiddel van straf(dreiging) in toom worden gehouden.

Dan is er ook nog de oudtestamentische regel ‘oog om oog, tand om tand’ als een reactie op een gepleegde misdaad.

Goed mensbeeld

Deze oudtestamentische regel keurt Gandhi juist af omdat zij een vorm van geweld is: ‘An eye for an eye only ends up making the whole world blind.’ Niet alleen misdaad, maar ook straf komt voort uit onwetendheid

De grote Chinese denker Confucius liet ook geen eenduidige erfenis na, naast de bovengenoemde Chinese denker Xunzi, was er ook de Chinese denker Mencius (375 – 290 v.Chr.) die ervan uit ging dat de menselijke natuur intrinsiek goed is.

In het goede mensbeeld streeft de mens altruïsme na, goed doen voor de medemens, delen met de medemens. Dit vormt ook onderdeel van de 10 bijbelse geboden. Tegelijkertijd staat er bij dat je in de hel komt wanneer je anderszins handelt (slecht mensbeeld)

Het extreme beeld van de goede mens die alles wil delen, maakte een onleefbare, paranoïde samenleving met hoge gevangenismuren rondom de voormalige DDR

Het mensbeeld van de communistische landen was een paternalistisch mensbeeld: “Wij snappen wat goed voor de mensen is; de mensen zelf niet. Wij zullen ze tegen zichzelf en elkaar beschermen.” Dat mensbeeld zie je in sterke mate terug bij het Links zoals Groenlinks en de PvdA (Wim Kok).

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